British Medical Bulletin 52:12-21 (1996)
© 1996 The British Council
research-article |
Mortality from smoking worldwidea
*ICRF/MRC/BHF Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Harkness Building Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
Tobacco or Health, World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland
Epidemiology Unit, American Cancer Society Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Abstract
Estimates are made of the numbers and proportions of death attributable to smoking in 44 developed countries in 1990. In developed countries as a whole, tobacco was responsible for 24% of all male deaths and 7% of all female deaths, rising to over 40% in men in some former socialist economies and 17% in women in the USA. The average loss of life for all cigarette smokers was about 8 years and for those whose deaths were attributable to tobacco about 16 years. Trends in mortality attributable to tobacco differed by half in men since 1965; in others it was continuing to increase. In women, the proportion was mostly increasing, almost universally in old age. Mortality not attributable to smoking decreased since 1955 in all OECD (Organization for European Collaboration and Development) countries, by up to 60% in men and more in women. No precise estimate can be made of the number of deaths attributable to smoking in undeveloped countries, but the prevalence of smoking suggests that it will be large. In the world as a whole, some 3 million deaths a year are estimated to be attributable to smoking, rising to 10 million a year in 30–40 years' time.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Pons, L. Fattore, G. Cossu, S. Tolu, E. Porcu, J. M. McIntosh, J. P. Changeux, U. Maskos, and W. Fratta Crucial Role of {alpha}4 and {alpha}6 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits from Ventral Tegmental Area in Systemic Nicotine Self-Administration J. Neurosci., November 19, 2008; 28(47): 12318 - 12327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Jonsson, M. Varella-Garcia, Y. E. Miller, H. J. Wolf, T. Byers, S. Braudrick, P. Kiatsimkul, M. Lewis, T. C. Kennedy, R. L. Keith, et al. Chromosomal Aneusomy in Bronchial High-Grade Lesions Is Associated with Invasive Lung Cancer Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2008; 177(3): 342 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Kim, H. J. Lee, H. Y. Choi, Y. Shin, S. Nam, G. Seo, D.-S. Son, J. Jo, J. Kim, J. Lee, et al. Clinical Validity of the Lung Cancer Biomarkers Identified by Bioinformatics Analysis of Public Expression Data Cancer Res., August 1, 2007; 67(15): 7431 - 7438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Stepanov, S. S. Hecht, B. Lindgren, P. Jacob III, M. Wilson, and N. L. Benowitz Relationship of Human Toenail Nicotine, Cotinine, and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol to Levels of These Biomarkers in Plasma and Urine Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2007; 16(7): 1382 - 1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Puppala, C.G. Gairola, and H.I. Swanson Identification of kaempferol as an inhibitor of cigarette smoke-induced activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cell transformation Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2007; 28(3): 639 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Tonnesen, L. Carrozzi, K. O. Fagerstrom, C. Gratziou, C. Jimenez-Ruiz, S. Nardini, G. Viegi, C. Lazzaro, I. A. Campell, E. Dagli, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2007; 29(2): 390 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Pisani, P. Srivatanakul, J. Randerson-Moor, S. Vipasrinimit, S. Lalitwongsa, P. Unpunyo, S. Bashir, and D. T. Bishop GSTM1 and CYP1A1 Polymorphisms, Tobacco, Air Pollution, and Lung Cancer: A Study in Rural Thailand. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 667 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Hodoglugil, S. Tanyolac, D. W. Williamson, Y. Huang, and R. W. Mahley Apolipoprotein A-V: a potential modulator of plasma triglyceride levels in Turks J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2006; 47(1): 144 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hoffmann, J. Hogel, and G. Speit The effect of smoking on DNA effects in the comet assay: a meta-analysis Mutagenesis, November 1, 2005; 20(6): 455 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-L. Zheng, C. A. Loffredo, A. J. Alberg, Z. Yu, R. T. Jones, D. Perlmutter, L. Enewold, M. J. Krasna, R. Yung, P. G. Shields, et al. Less Efficient G2-M Checkpoint Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Lung Cancer in African Americans Cancer Res., October 15, 2005; 65(20): 9566 - 9573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Moro-Sibilot, A. Aubert, S. Diab, S. Lantuejoul, P. Fourneret, E. Brambilla, C. Brambilla, and P. Y. Brichon Comorbidities and Charlson score in resected stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2005; 26(3): 480 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Rodgers, T Corbett, D Bramley, T Riddell, M Wills, R-B Lin, and M Jones Do u smoke after txt? Results of a randomised trial of smoking cessation using mobile phone text messaging Tob. Control, August 1, 2005; 14(4): 255 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N Gray, J E Henningfield, N L Benowitz, G N Connolly, C Dresler, K Fagerstrom, M J Jarvis, and P Boyle Toward a comprehensive long term nicotine policy Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(3): 161 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C P Wen, S P Tsai, T Y Cheng, H T Chan, W S I Chung, and C J Chen Excess injury mortality among smokers: a neglected tobacco hazard Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(suppl_1): i28 - i32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C P Wen, S P Tsai, C-J Chen, T Y Cheng, M-C Tsai, and D T Levy Smoking attributable mortality for Taiwan and its projection to 2020 under different smoking scenarios Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(suppl_1): i76 - i80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Gray National and international nicotine dependence Ann. Onc., May 1, 2005; 16(5): 681 - 682. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-R. KIM, M.-S. LEE, J.-Y. HWANG, and J. D. LEE Efficacy of a smoking cessation intervention using the AHCPR guideline tailored for Koreans: a randomized controlled trial Health Promot. Int., March 1, 2005; 20(1): 51 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Charlton Tobacco or health 1602: an Elizabethan doctor speaks Health Educ. Res., February 1, 2005; 20(1): 101 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Koplan The Master Settlement Agreement--Further Evaluation Required Health Promot Pract, July 1, 2004; 5(3_suppl): 179S - 180S. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Charlton Medicinal uses of tobacco in history J R Soc Med, June 1, 2004; 97(6): 292 - 296. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Liang, X. Miao, Y. Zhou, W. Tan, and D. Lin A functional polymorphism in the SULT1A1 gene (G638A) is associated with risk of lung cancer in relation to tobacco smoking Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2004; 25(5): 773 - 778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. I. Pidoplichko, J. Noguchi, O. O. Areola, Y. Liang, J. Peterson, T. Zhang, and J. A. Dani Nicotinic Cholinergic Synaptic Mechanisms in the Ventral Tegmental Area Contribute to Nicotine Addiction Learn. Mem., January 1, 2004; 11(1): 60 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Wang, W. Tan, B. Hao, X. Miao, G. Zhou, F. He, and D. Lin Substantial Reduction in Risk of Lung Adenocarcinoma Associated with Genetic Polymorphism in CYP2A13, the Most Active Cytochrome P450 for the Metabolic Activation of Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen NNK Cancer Res., November 15, 2003; 63(22): 8057 - 8061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Sozzi, D. Conte, M. Leon, R. Cirincione, L. Roz, C. Ratcliffe, E. Roz, N. Cirenei, M. Bellomi, G. Pelosi, et al. Quantification of Free Circulating DNA As a Diagnostic Marker in Lung Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2003; 21(21): 3902 - 3908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M R Crone, S A Reijneveld, M C Willemsen, F J M van Leerdam, R D Spruijt, and R A H. Sing Prevention of smoking in adolescents with lower education: a school based intervention study J Epidemiol Community Health, September 1, 2003; 57(9): 675 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Schmitz, J. Kruse, and J. Kugler Disabilities, Quality of Life, and Mental Disorders Associated With Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Am J Psychiatry, September 1, 2003; 160(9): 1670 - 1676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Batra, A. A. Patkar, W. H. Berrettini, S. P. Weinstein, and F. T. Leone The Genetic Determinants of Smoking Chest, May 1, 2003; 123(5): 1730 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Rose, F. M. Behm, E. C. Westman, R. J. Mathew, E. D. London, T. C. Hawk, T. G. Turkington, and R. E. Coleman PET Studies of the Influences of Nicotine on Neural Systems in Cigarette Smokers Am J Psychiatry, February 1, 2003; 160(2): 323 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-L. Zheng, C. A. Loffredo, Z. Yu, R. T. Jones, M. J. Krasna, A. J. Alberg, R. Yung, D. Perlmutter, L. Enewold, C. C. Harris, et al. Bleomycin-induced chromosome breaks as a risk marker for lung cancer: a case-control study with population and hospital controls Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2003; 24(2): 269 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G E Goodman Lung cancer * 1: Prevention of lung cancer Thorax, November 1, 2002; 57(11): 994 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Zhang, Y. Tao, J. Gao, C. Zhang, S. Wan, Y. Chen, X. Huang, X. Sun, S. Duan, F. Schonlau, et al. Pycnogenol(R) in cigarette filters scavenges free radicals and reduces mutagenicity and toxicity of tobacco smoke in vivo Toxicology and Industrial Health, June 1, 2002; 18(5): 215 - 224. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Hecht Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2002; 23(6): 907 - 922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kesteloot, S. Sans, and D. Kromhout Evolution of all-causes and cardiovascular mortality in the age-group 75-84 years in Europe during the period 1970-1996. A comparison with worldwide changes Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2002; 23(5): 384 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Stevens, M. Thorogood, and S. Kayikki Cost-effectiveness of a community anti-smoking campaign targeted at a high risk group in London Health Promot. Int., March 1, 2002; 17(1): 43 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Blanco-Cedres, M. L. Daviglus, D. B. Garside, K. Liu, A. Pirzada, J. Stamler, and P. Greenland Relation of Cigarette Smoking to 25-Year Mortality in Middle-aged Men with Low Baseline Serum Cholesterol : The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2002; 155(4): 354 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Bolego, A. Poli, and R. Paoletti Smoking and gender Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2002; 53(3): 568 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Haugen Women who smoke: are women more susceptible to tobacco-induced lung cancer? Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2002; 23(2): 227 - 229. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. T Hamner and S. H Stumpf Survey of smoking knowledge, attitudes and practice in school children in Honduras Fam. Pract., December 1, 2001; 18(6): 627 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. BRITTON, M. JARVIS, A. McNEILL, C. BATES, L. CUTHBERTSON, and C. GODFREY Treating Nicotine Addiction . Not a Medical Problem? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 1, 2001; 164(1): 13 - 15. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Yang, J. Ma, A. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. M Samet, C. E Taylor, and K. Becker Smoking cessation in China: findings from the 1996 national prevalence survey Tob. Control, June 1, 2001; 10(2): 170 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Song, W. Tan, D. Xing, and D. Lin CYP 1A1 polymorphism and risk of lung cancer in relation to tobacco smoking: a case-control study in China Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2001; 22(1): 11 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P David A civic role for physicians in the promotion of global tobacco control Fam. Pract., January 1, 2001; 18(1): 107 - 107. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. May and R. West Do social support interventions ("buddy systems") aid smoking cessation? A review Tob. Control, December 1, 2000; 9(4): 415 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B Soriano, W. C Maier, P. Egger, G. Visick, B. Thakrar, J. Sykes, and N. B Pride Recent trends in physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK Thorax, September 1, 2000; 55(9): 789 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. McVey and J. Stapleton Can anti-smoking television advertising affect smoking behaviour? Controlled trial of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign Tob. Control, September 1, 2000; 9(3): 273 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. van Zandwijk, O. Dalesio, U. Pastorino, N. de Vries, and H. van Tinteren EUROSCAN, a Randomized Trial of Vitamin A and N-Acetylcysteine in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer or Lung Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, June 21, 2000; 92(12): 977 - 986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Wilson, N. Gibson, A. Willan, and D. Cook Effect of Smoking Cessation on Mortality After Myocardial Infarction: Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies Arch Intern Med, April 10, 2000; 160(7): 939 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Skaug, D. Ryberg, E. H. K. M. O. Arab, L. Stangeland, A. O. Myking, and A. Haugen p53 Mutations in Defined Structural and Functional Domains Are Related to Poor Clinical Outcome in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2000; 6(3): 1031 - 1037. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. Nelson, D. C. Christiani, E. J. Mark, J. K. Wiencke, J. C. Wain, and K. T. Kelsey Implications and Prognostic Value of K-ras Mutation for Early-Stage Lung Cancer in Women J Natl Cancer Inst, December 1, 1999; 91(23): 2032 - 2038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Yang, L. Fan, J. Tan, G. Qi, Y. Zhang, J. M. Samet, C. E. Taylor, K. Becker, and J. Xu Smoking in China: Findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey JAMA, October 6, 1999; 282(13): 1247 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Sozzi, K. Musso, C. Ratcliffe, P. Goldstraw, M. A. Pierotti, and U. Pastorino Detection of Microsatellite Alterations in Plasma DNA of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Prospect for Early Diagnosis Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 1999; 5(10): 2689 - 2692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Hecht Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, July 21, 1999; 91(14): 1194 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mollerup, D. Ryberg, A. Hewer, D. H. Phillips, and A. Haugen Sex Differences in Lung CYP1A1 Expression and DNA Adduct Levels among Lung Cancer Patients Cancer Res., July 1, 1999; 59(14): 3317 - 3320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Doll Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective Statistical Methods in Medical Research, April 1, 1998; 7(2): 87 - 117. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. S. Reddy and S. Yusuf Emerging Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries Circulation, February 17, 1998; 97(6): 596 - 601. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|